![]() aerodynamic and hydrostatic pressure, and body forces which act over the volume of the structure and are produced by gravitational and inertial effects. ![]() The two classes of loads may be further divided into surface forces which act upon the surface of the structure, e.g. the Tornado, require a structure of above average strength to withstand the effects of flight in extremely turbulent air. ![]() Carrier born aircraft, for instance, are subjected to catapult take-off and arrested landing loads most large civil and practically all military aircraft have pressurized cabins for high altitude flying amphibious aircraft must be capable of landing on water and aircraft designed to fly at high speed at low altitude, e.g. In addition, aircraft designed for a particular role encounter loads peculiar to their sphere of operation. The structure of an aircraft is required to support two distinct classes of load: the lirst, termed ground loads, includes all loads encountered by the aircraft during movement or transportation on the ground such as taxiing and landing loads, towing and hoisting loads while the second, air loads, comprises loads imposed on the structure during flight by manoeuvres and gusts.
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